Immense changes have swept through our lives in the last three decades. Filmmaker and writer Paromita Vohra joins Amit Varma in episode 155 of The Seen and the Unseen, and turns her unique gaze both inwards and outwards.
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The Seen and the Unseen releases every Monday. Thalé-Haraté releases every Wednesday. The Pragati Podcast releases every Thursday. PuliyaBaazi releases every alternate Thursday.
Pavan Srinath talks to journalist Rohini Mohan about the NRC in Assam on Episode 125 of The Pragati Podcast. A nation-wide NRC is an unknown beast of unknown dimensions. Real world examples of the NRC come from Assam, where close to 19 lakh residents of the state were left out of the NRC list brought out in August 2019. How do you prove your citizenship in India, where most people do not have...
Hamsini Hariharan looks at the seven major global affairs stories in 2019 and looks at the way forward for 2020.
Economic policy affects each of us — and yet, India has gotten it wrong for decades. In their groundbreaking new book, Vijay Kelkar and Ajay Shah write not just how to do policy, but how to think about policy. They join Amit Varma in episode 154 of The Seen and the Unseen to share their learnings, first principles onwards.
Alongside much social unrest, the Indian economy went to hell in 2019. Vivek Kaul joins Amit Varma in episode 153 of The Seen and the Unseen to survey the damage, and to demystify the rubble.
This is episode 49 of Thalé-Haraté, a weekly Kannada podcast hosted by Pavan Srinath, Surya Prakash BS and Ganesh Chakravarthi. ಉಪಗ್ರಹಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸುವ ಮೊದಲು ಜನರು ಜಗತ್ತನ್ನು ಹೇಗೆ ಅಳೆಯುತ್ತಇದ್ರು? ಎವರೆಸ್ಟ್ ಪರ್ವತದ ಎತ್ತರವನ್ನು ಅಳೆಯುವ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆಯು ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಯಿತೆ? ಉದಯ ಕುಮಾರ್ ಪಿ.ಎಲ್. ಅವರು ‘ದ ಗ್ರೇಟ್ ಟ್ರಿಗ್ನೊಮೆಟ್ರಿಕ್ ಸರ್ವೇ’ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಪವನ್ ಶ್ರೀನಾಥ್ ಮತ್ತು ಗಣೇಶ್ ಚಕ್ರವರ್ತಿ ಅವರ ಜೊತೆ ನಮ್ಮ ತಲೆ-ಹರಟೆ...
This is Episode 124 of The Pragati Podcast hosted by Pavan Srinath. Nuclear war feels unthinkable, but how much peace does nuclear deterrence guarantee? Do nuclear programmes truly deter or compel adversaries in the real world? And can we imagine a world where 20+ countries have nuclear weapons? Vipin Narang joins Pavan Srinath on Episode 124 of The Pragati Podcast to dive into the world of...
Conservation filmmaker Gunjan Menon joins Hamsini Hariharan to discuss international efforts to conserve wildlife across the world.
This is episode 48 of Thalé-Haraté, a weekly Kannada podcast hosted by Pavan Srinath, Surya Prakash BS and Ganesh Chakravarthi. ತಲೆ-ಹರಟೆ ಕನ್ನಡ ಪಾಡ್ಕಾಸ್ಟ್ ಗೆ ಇಂದು ಮೊದಲ ವರ್ಷದ ಸಂಭ್ರಮಾಚರಣೆ. ನಮ್ಮನ್ನು ಸತತವಾಗಿ ಹುರಿದುಂಬಿಸುತ್ತಿರುವ ಕೇಳುಗರಿಗೂ ಮತ್ತು ತಮ್ಮ ಅಮೂಲ್ಯವಾದ ಸಮಯವನ್ನೂ ತಿಳುವಳಿಕೆಯನ್ನೂ ನಮ್ಮ ಜೊತೆ ಹಂಚಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಿರುವ ಅತಿಥಿಗಳಿಗೂ ನಾವು ಚಿರ ಋಣಿ ಯಾಗಿದ್ದೇವೆ. ನಮ್ಮ ಈ 48 ಕಂತಿನಲ್ಲಿ, ಕರ್ನಾಟಕಕ್ಕೇ ವಿಶಿಷ್ಟವಾದ ವೀರಗಲ್ಲುಗಳ...
Why is India burning over the Citizenship Amendment Bill? Why does the NRC matter? What is happening in Assam? Srinath Raghavan joins Amit Varma in episode 152 of The Seen and the Unseen to give historical perspective on our current ferments.
This is Episode 123 of The Pragati Podcast hosted by Pavan Srinath. The Republic of India is often a Republic of men. While men and women nationally enjoy the same rights, we are yet to solve many of the social failures from decades ago. Child marriage for women remains the norm in many parts of the country, many girls drop out early from education, and women’s participation in the labour...
Politics in Maharashtra is deeply complicated. Its themes and fault lines have been formed over decades. Veteran journalist and author Sujata Anandan joins Amit Varma in episode 151 of The Seen and the Unseen to unravel some of the mysteries behind its fascinating dramas.
This is episode 47 of Thalé-Haraté, a weekly Kannada podcast hosted by Pavan Srinath, Surya Prakash BS and Ganesh Chakravarthi. ವಿದ್ಯಾಭ್ಯಾಸವು ಜನರ ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ಆರ್ಥಿಕ ಸ್ಥಿತಿಯನ್ನು ಉತ್ತಮಗೊಳಿಸುವುದರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಸಾಕಷ್ಟು ಸಂಶೋದನೆಗಳಿವೆ. ಆದರೆ ಬರೇ ಒಂದು ವರ್ಷದ ಅವಧಿಯನ್ನು ಶಾಲೆಯಲಿ ಅಥವಾ ಕಾಲೇಜಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಕಳೆದರೆ ಇಂತಹ ಬಲಾವಣೆಗಳನ್ನು ಕಾಣಬಹುದು? ದೇಶದ ಮಟ್ಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾವ ರೀತಿ ಪರಿವರ್ತನೆಯನ್ನು ಮೂಡಿಸಬಹುದು? ಇಕೊನೊಮಿಸ್ಟ್ಸ್ ಅವರು ಈ ವಿಚಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ಹೊಸ...
This is Episode 122 of The Pragati Podcast hosted by Pavan Srinath. India has made strides in improving the health, well-being and lives of infants and expecting mothers over the last several decades. But once children enter school and enter adolescence, they get lost as a public priority till they enter adulthood. Adolescence is a time of great physical, physiological and intellectual...
This is Episode 39 of States of Anarchy hosted by Hamsini Hariharan. Aersh Danish joins host Hamsini Hariharan to discuss how social media affects national security and democracy. Read More: The Man Who Built the Retweet General Data Protection Regulation Sri Krishna Committee Report Personal Data Protection Bill 2018 ISIS: State of Terror by Jessica Stern and JM Berger The Syrian Jihad: Al...
How has Indian publishing evolved in the last few decades? What does India read, and why? Publisher VK Karthika joins Amit Varma in episode 150 of The Seen and the Unseen to talk about what she learnt in her years in Penguin, Harper Collins and (now) Westland.
This is Episode 51 of PuliyaBaazi, a fortnightly podcast hosted by Pranay Kotasthane and Saurabh Chandra. The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria finally met its demise with the death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi on October 26th. So in this episode of Puliyabaazi we take a look at ISIS, its recruitment methods, its use of technology, and its bureaucracy. We also discuss cases in the Indian sub-continent...
This is episode 46 of Thalé-Haraté, a weekly Kannada podcast hosted by Pavan Srinath, Surya Prakash BS and Ganesh Chakravarthi. ಹವಾಮಾನ ಚರ್ಚೆ ಅನ್ನೋದು ನಮ್ಮೆಲ್ಲರಿಗೂ ಬಹಳ ಪ್ರಿಯವಾದದ್ದು. ಕಳೆದ ದಶಕಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮಳೆಗಾಲ, ಬೇಸಿಗೆ, ಮತ್ತು ಚಳಿಗಾಲದ ವಿಧಾನಗಳು ಬದಲಾದಂತಾಗಿದೆ. ಹವಾಮಾನ ಪರಿವರ್ತನೆ, ಇಲ್ಲ ಕ್ಲೈಮೇಟ್ ಚೇಂಜ್ ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾರಣವೇ? ನಮಗೆ ಹವಾಮಾನದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಸರಿಯಾಗಿ ಎಷ್ಟು ಗೊತ್ತು? ನಮ್ಮ ಈ 46ನೇ ಸಂಚಿಕೆಯ್ಲಿ ಗಣೇಶ್ ಚಕ್ರವರ್ತಿ ಮತ್ತು ಪವನ್...
This is Episode 121 of The Pragati Podcast hosted by Pavan Srinath. The Indian State has incredible ambition, but often falls very short of meeting grand outcomes. The mismatch is linked to State Capacity, a nebulous concept at the best of times. Prakhar Misra is on Episode 121 of The Pragati Podcast to help us understand what state capacity is, how it could be measured, and how India can improve...
This is Episode 38 of States of Anarchy hosted by Hamsini Hariharan. Narayani Basu joins Hamsini Hariharan to talk about VP Menon and the process of consolidating 565 princely states into modern India. Liberty or Death: India’s Journey to Independence and Division – Patrick French Twilight of the maharajas – Kenneth Samuel Fitze The Great Divide: Britain–India—Pakistan...
Jayaprakash Narayan was trained as a physician, served in the IAS, and went on to start a political movement. JP joins Amit Varma in episode 149 of The Seen and the Unseen to share his insights on Indian politics, the nature of the state and what we need to do to change India for the better.
This is episode 45 of Thalé-Haraté, a weekly Kannada podcast hosted by Pavan Srinath, Surya Prakash BS and Ganesh Chakravarthi. ತುಳು ಎಂಬುದು ಬರೇ ಒಂದು ಭಾಷೆ ಅಲ್ಲ. ಆ ಪ್ರದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಆದರೆ ಆದ ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ, ಸಂಪ್ರದಾಯಗಳು ಮೂಡಿ ಬಂದಿವೆ. ನಮ್ಮ ೪೫ ಸಂಚಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಗಣೇಶ್ ಚಕ್ರವರ್ತಿ ಅವರು ತುಳುನಾಡಿನ ವ್ಯಶಿಷ್ಯತೇಗಾಲ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಒಂದು ಸಂಕ್ಷಿಪ್ತವಾದ ಚರ್ಚೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಾರೆ ಕಾರ್ತಿಕ್ ಮಳ್ಳಿ ಅವರ ಜೊತೆ. ಕಾರ್ತಿಕ್ ಅವರು ಒಬ್ಬ ಪತ್ರಕರ್ತ, ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ವಿಜ್ಜಾನ...
This is Episode 120 of The Pragati Podcast hosted by Pavan Srinath. What has been happening in Pakistan after Imran Khan became the Prime Minister? Why do some people want General Qamar Javed Bajwa’s tenure as the army chief to come to an end? Dr Christine Fair gives us a tour of Pakistani politics, geopolitics and skulduggery like no one else can, on Episode 120 of The Pragati Podcast The...
This is Episode 37 of States of Anarchy hosted by Hamsini Hariharan.
This is a special roundup of all the news on the global stage from the last month. In November, the RCEP, BRICS, Katarpur, Impeachment and student protests dominated the headlines.
For questions or comments, reach out to the host @HamsiniH on Twitter or on Instagram @statesofanarchy.
In episode 148 of The Seen and the Unseen, host Amit Varma invokes a fictional super-weapon to build an argument against gun rights in India. Guests Shubho Roy and Sudhanshu Neema disagree with him, and each other, most vigorously.
This is episode 44 of Thalé-Haraté, a weekly Kannada podcast hosted by Pavan Srinath, Surya Prakash BS and Ganesh Chakravarthi. ಭಾರತದ ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರ್ಯದ ನಂತರ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ಹೇಗೆ ಮೂಡಿ ಬಂದಿದೆ? ಸರ್ಕಾರಗಳು ಸಾವಿರಾರು ಕೋಟಿ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣದ ಮೇಲೆ ಖರ್ಚ್ ಮಾಡಿಯೂ ಸಹ ಏಕೆ ನಮ್ಮ ಶ್ಯಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ಮಟ್ಟ ಅಷ್ಟು ಕಡಿಮೆ ಇದೆ? ನಮ್ಮ ಈ 44ನೆ ಸಂಚಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ರೋಹಿತ್ ಶೆಣಾಯ್ ಅವರು ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಮತ್ತು ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಾಥಮಿಕ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಚರ್ಚೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಾರೆ. ರೋಹಿತ್ ಅವರು ತಕ್ಷಶಿಲಾ...
This is Episode 119 of The Pragati Podcast hosted by Pavan Srinath. About 1% of the world’s population today are refugees, internally displaced or stateless. They live difficult, dangerous lives, have few protections and often no voice. Meanwhile, globalisation has been lop-sided. Money and goods can move relatively easily across the world, but people rarely can. Ameya Naik returns to The...
This is Episode 36 of States of Anarchy hosted by Hamsini Hariharan. Ameya Naik joins host, Hamsini Hariharan to discuss international law and how it measures up in the current geopolitics. For questions or comments, reach out to the host @HamsiniH on Twitter or on Instagram @statesofanarchy Read More: The Fog of Peace: A Memoir of International Peacekeeping in the 21st Century The Utility of...
Jahangir is often considered a lightweight Mughal emperor, an ineffectual drunkard sandwiched between his father and his son, Akbar and Shah Jahan. But this is an unfair view. Parvati Sharma joins Amit Varma in episode 147 of The Seen and the Unseen to shed light on not just Jahangir as an emperor, but on his human side, endearing and infuriating in equal measure.
This is Episode 50 of PuliyaBaazi, a fortnightly podcast hosted by Pranay Kotasthane and Saurabh Chandra. Puliyabaazi is fifty episodes old now! To mark this occasion, we return to discussing a foundational text. In this episode, we discuss insights from Nobel Prize laureate Daniel Kahneman’s classic Thinking, Fast and Slow. The work in this book was instrumental in creating a new discipline of...
This is episode 43 of Thalé-Haraté, a weekly Kannada podcast hosted by Pavan Srinath, Surya Prakash BS and Ganesh Chakravarthi. ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಎಷ್ಟು ವಿಶಾಲವದದ್ದು ಅಂದರೆ ಇಲ್ಲಿಯ ವಾಸಿಗಳೆ ಹಲವಾರು ಸ್ಥಲಗಣಳನ್ನು ನೋಡಿರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ನಮ್ಮ 43 ನೇ ಸಂಚಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪವನ್ ಶ್ರೀನಾಥ್ ಮತ್ತು ಗಣೇಶ್ ಚಕ್ರವರ್ತಿ ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ಪ್ರವಾಸಿ ಕಥೆಗಳನ್ನು ಹಂಚಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಾರೆ. Karnataka’s tourism tagline “One State, Many Worlds” is no...
This is Episode 118 of The Pragati Podcast hosted by Pavan Srinath. The State of Jammu & Kashmir as we know it has changed permanently in 2019. With the end of J&K’s special status and the restructuring of the state into two union territories under greater control of New Delhi, there have been many discussions on history, politics, law and order, human rights issues and more on...
This is Episode 35 of States of Anarchy hosted by Hamsini Hariharan.
Munish Sharma joins Hamsini Hariharan on a new episode of States of Anarchy to discuss 5G technology and it’s associated risks.
For questions or comments, reach out to the host @HamsiniH on Twitter or on Instagram @statesofanarchy
Read More:
The Road to 5G: Technology, Politics And Beyond
Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code is an archaic law and needs to go. But what is the historical background of our sedition law? What are the political and social contexts in which it evolved and thrived? Chitranshul Sinha joins Amit Varma in episode 146 of The Seen and the Unseen to discuss his book on the subject, The Great Repression.
On the last Tuesday of every month, host Hamsini Hariharan rounds up important international news that you should know. In September, attacks on oil fields, Howdy Modi, the economy and Israeli elections dominated the headlines.
Is there such a thing as Indian conservatism? What does it mean and where did it come from? Jaithirth Rao joins Amit Varma in episode 145 of The Seen and the Unseen to discuss his latest book.
This is Episode 117 of The Pragati Podcast hosted by Pavan Srinath. The States Reorganisation Act came into effect 63 years ago to this day, on November 1, 1956. India’s states as we know them started taking their shape then. Many states like Karnataka, Kerala, West Bengal and others celebrate this as a State Formation Day or a ‘Rajyotsava’ Day. How have Indian states fared...
This is Episode 49 of PuliyaBaazi, a fortnightly podcast hosted by Pranay Kotasthane and Saurabh Chandra. In episodes 11 and 12, we discussed contemporary China from a political and economic angle. So this episode is about China’s society. We discuss the lived experience of an Indian in smaller cities of China and try to understand the similarities and differences in the two societies. Joining us...
This is episode 42 of Thalé-Haraté, a weekly Kannada podcast hosted by Pavan Srinath, Surya Prakash BS and Ganesh Chakravarthi. ಈ ವರ್ಷ ನವೇಂಬರಲ್ಲಿ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ರಾಜ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ 63 ವರ್ಷ ತುಂಬಿದೆ. ಇತ್ತೀಚಿನ ವರ್ಷಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ನಮ್ಮ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಎಷ್ಟು ಮುಂದು ಬಂದಿದೆ, ಮತ್ತು ಮುಂದೆ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಯಾವ ಗುರಿಯನ್ನು ಅನುಸಾರಿಸಿಬೇಕು? ಸೂರ್ಯ ಪ್ರಕಾಶ್ ಬಿ. ಎಸ್. ಮತ್ತು ಪವನ್ ಶ್ರೀನಾಥ್ ಅವರು ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ತನ್ನ ಭವಿಷ್ಯದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಹೇಗೆ ಯೋಚಿಸಬೇಕು ಎಂಬುದರ ಕುರಿತು ಮಾತನಾಡುತ್ತಾರೆ...
This is an updated rebroadcast of episode 62 of The Pragati Podcast hosted by Pavan Srinath. The Syrian Civil War has been raging since 2011, and crimes against humanity are being committed even in 2019. How did a peaceful protest turn into a multi-sided war that has killed half a million people and displaced more than 10 million Syrians? This is a rebroadcast of Episode 62 of The Pragati Podcast...
This is Episode 33 of States of Anarchy hosted by Hamsini Hariharan. Connectivity has become an important aspect of international relations. Ritika Passi joins Hamsini Hariharan to discuss different connectivity projects and their geopolitics. For questions or comments, reach out to the host @HamsiniH or on Instagram @statesofanarchy. Read More: Reconnecting Asia China Research by AIDDATA China...
The history of humanity is more than just the history of men. Historian Ira Mukhoty joins Amit Varma in episode 144 of The Seen and the Unseen to talk about going beyond the male gaze to write history. She also discusses Daughters of the Sun, her account of the rich and complex world of Mughal women.
This is episode 41 of Thalé-Haraté, a weekly Kannada podcast hosted by Pavan Srinath, Surya Prakash BS and Ganesh Chakravarthi. ನಮ್ಮ ನಗರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪಾದಚಾಲಕರಿಗೆ ಮಹತ್ವ ಇಲ್ಲದಂತಾಗಿದೆ. ಕಾರುಗಳು ಹಾಗೂ ದ್ವಿಚಕ್ರವಾಹನಗಳಗು ರಸ್ತೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿವೆ. ಇಂತಹ ಸಂದರಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಸೈಕಲ್ ಚಲಿಸುವುದು ಅಸಾಧ್ಯವಾದ ಕೆಲಸ. ನಮ್ಮ ಚಾಲಕರ ವಿಧಾನ ಮತ್ತು ಸೈಕಲ್ ಬಳಕೆಯ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಒಂದು ಹೊಸ ತರಹದ ಆಲೋಚನೆ ತರುವುದು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾ? ನಮ್ಮ ಈ ಸಂಚಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ, ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನ...
This is Episode 116 of The Pragati Podcast hosted by Pavan Srinath. How is a new drug discovered or invented? What does it take for medicine to go from a small idea in a research lab all the way to your local pharmacy? How can we develop new medicines for India and Indian ailments? Pavan Srinath is in the guest seat today as he talks to Anupam Manur, a frequent guest and friend of The Pragati...
The geopolitics of the West is reasonably well-understood -- but China remains a mystery to many. What drives China? How does it look at India? China expert Manoj Kewalramani joins Amit Varma in episode 143 of The Seen and the Unseen to provide historical context and strategic perspective.
This is Episode 48 of PuliyaBaazi, a fortnightly podcast hosted by Pranay Kotasthane and Saurabh Chandra. The future of mobility is autonomous. But it’s hard to imagine that future in Indian conditions where roads occupy spots between potholes, the traffic pattern is Brownian, and non-verbal communication is a lead indicator of vehicular movement. So in this episode, we speak about Indian...
This is episode 40 of Thalé-Haraté, a weekly Kannada podcast hosted by Pavan Srinath, Surya Prakash BS and Ganesh Chakravarthi. ನಮಾಮಿ ವೃಷಭಾವತಿ ಚಳುವಳಿಯು ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಮತ್ತೆ ಸಹಜವಾಗಿ ಶುದ್ಧ ನೀರುಳ್ಳ ನದಿಯೊಂದನ್ನು ಕಾಣುವ ಜನಸಾಮಾನ್ಯರ ಕನಸನ್ನು ನನಸಾಗಿಸುವದಕ್ಕೆ ನಡೆದಿರುವ ಹೋರಾಟ. ಈ ಹೋರಾಟದ ಹಲವು ಆಯಾಮಗಳೆಂದರೆ: ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ಸಂಶೋಧನೆ, ಆಡಳಿತಗಾರರು ಮತ್ತು ಸರ್ಕಾರಗಳಿಗೆ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಸಮಾಲೋಚನೆ, ಕಾನೂನಾತ್ಮಕ ಪ್ರಯತ್ನ, ನಾಗರಿಕರಿಗೆ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆ ಮತ್ತು...
This is Episode 32 of States of Anarchy hosted by Hamsini Hariharan. Deep Pal joins Hamsini Hariharan on episode 32 of States of Anarchy to discuss India’s foreign policy towards Bhutan and Sikkim. For questions or comments, reach out to the host @HamsiniH or on Instagram @statesofanarchy Read More: Smash and Grab: Annexation of Sikkim by Sunanda K. Datta-Ray Sikkim: Requiem for a Himalayan...
We are surrounded by frauds, and are dying to believe them. Vivek Kaul joins Amit Varma in episode 142 of The Seen and the Unseen to discuss ponzi schemes, both in India and outside, both by private actors and the government. Also discussed: chit funds and kitty parties, and why we are wired to be deceived.
This is Episode 115 of The Pragati Podcast hosted by Pavan Srinath. “Rocket science” has moved well beyond rocketry in the 21st century. Even the Jet Propulsion Lab in California hasn’t done any rocket science in the last several decades, focusing entirely on robotic space missions instead. One of the big challenges with space programmes today is designing and managing complex...